What is the evidence for the effect of physical exercise on bone health in menopausal women? An umbrella systematic review.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of physical exercise (PE) on bone health in menopausal women through an umbrella review and to assess the quality of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) included. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020208130) and the Rayyan application was used. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated by A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was applied to assess the level of evidence of the results. The results showed that low-intensity jumping exercises with longer sessions proved to be efficient in the hip segment. Swimming requires further investigation, as it showed high heterogeneity. Aerobic and resistance exercises showed inconsistent results, requiring further studies with these modalities of PE. Concurrent training showed improvements in the lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter. Finally, combined resistance exercises are effective in preserving bone mineral density (BMD) of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women. In conclusion, jumping exercises were efficient in the hip, while aerobic and resistance exercises are still inconsistent. Concurrent training showed improvements in BMD of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, Ward's triangle and trochanter. Finally, combined resistance protocols are effective in preserving BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in postmenopausal women.

Association between sedentary behavior and bone mass in adolescents.

The effects of sedentary behavior on adolescents' bone health are controversial because, even in normal weight individuals, the excessive time spent in some specific types of these behaviors appears to have no negative effect on bone health. PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship between sedentary behaviors and bone mass in adolescents. METHODS: One hundred four adolescent boys and girls, aged 10 to 14 years, were divided into normal weight and overweight according to weight status. Specific sedentary behaviors (time spent on the Internet for school and non-school purposes, using the computer, watching television, and playing videogames) were assessed by questionnaire, and the total sedentary behavior time by accelerometry. Bone parameters were collected using X-ray absorptiometry, using total and lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) and total and lumbar bone mineral content (BMC) values. RESULTS: In both groups, the time spent on the Internet for non-school purposes was positively correlated to the total and lumbar BMD. Also, while in the overweight group, the time spent using the computer was negatively correlated to lumbar BMD, and the time spent on the Internet for non-school purposes was positively correlated to the total and lumbar BMC, and in the normal weight group, the time spent on the Internet for non-school purposes was positively correlated to lumbar BMC. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who spend more time in sedentary behavior, especially using the Internet for non-school purposes, have higher BMD and BMC, while normal weight adolescents who spend more time on the computer have lower BMD.

Body mass index and sum of skinfolds: Which is the best predictor of body image dissatisfaction in adolescents? / Índice de masa corporal y suma de pliegues de la piel: ¿cuál es el mejor predictor de insatisfacción con la imagen corporal en los adolescentes? / Índice de massa corporal e somatório de dobras cutâneas: qual é o melhor preditor da insatisfação com a imagem corporal em adolescentes?

Objective: To assess the association of body image dissatisfaction with two anthropometric indicators (body mass index and sum of skinfolds) in female adolescents and to identify the best predictor of body image dissatisfaction in this population. Method: The study included 329 female students aged 11-14 years from Santa Maria/RS. Body image was evaluated by the scale of body silhouettes of Stunkard et al. Body weight, height and skinfold thickness were measured to calculate body mass index and sum of skinfolds. The chi-square test and logistic regression analyses were used in the SPSS(R) 15.0 software, adopting a significance level of 5.0%. Results: Body image dissatisfaction was associated with both anthropometric indicators; however, body mass index showed greater predictive power of this phenomenon, and overweight and obese students were three times more likely to be dissatisfied. Conclusion: This study suggests the use of body mass index as an anthropometric indicator in studies on body image in this population due to its strong relationship with body image dissatisfaction

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación de la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal con dos indicadores antropométricos (índice de masa corporal y la suma de pliegues cutáneos) en adolescentes de sexo femenino e identificar el mejor predictor de la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal en esta población. Método: El estudio incluyó 329 mujeres estudiantes de edades entre 11-14 años de Santa Maria/RS. La imagen corporal fue evaluada por la escala de siluetas de Stunkard et al. Se midieron el peso corporal, la estatura y el espesor del pliegue cutáneo para calcular el índice de masa corporal y la suma de los pliegues cutáneos. El test chi-cuadrado y análisis de regresión logística se realizaron en el programa SPSS 15.0, adoptando un nivel de significación del 5.0%. Resultados: La insatisfacción con la imagen corporal se asoció con ambos indicadores antropométricos. Sin embargo, el índice de masa corporal mostró una mayor capacidad de predicción de este fenómeno, y estudiantes con sobrepeso y obesidad presentaron tres veces más probabilidades de estar insatisfechos. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere el uso del índice de masa corporal como indicador antropométrico en los estudios de imagen corporal en esta población debido a su estrecha relación con la insatisfacción con la imagen corporal

Objetivo: avaliar a associação da insatisfação com a imagem corporal com dois indicadores antropométricos (índice de massa corporal e soma de dobras cutâneas) em adolescentes do sexo feminino e identificar o melhor preditor da insatisfação com a imagem corporal nesta população. Método: O estudo incluiu 329 estudantes do sexo feminino com idades entre 11-14 anos de Santa Maria/RS. A imagem corporal foi avaliada por meio da escala de silhuetas de Stunkard et al. Peso corporal, estatura e dobras cutâneas foram mensuradas para calcular o índice de massa corporal e o somatório de dobras cutâneas. O teste Qui-quadrado e análise de regressão logística foram utilizadas no software SPSS(R) 15.0, adotando um nível de significância de 5.0%. Resultados: A insatisfação com a imagem corporal esteve associada com ambos os indicadores antropométricos. No entanto, o índice de massa corporal mostrou maior poder de preditivo deste fenômeno e os estudantes com sobrepeso e obesidade apresentaram três vezes mais chance de estarem insatisfeitos. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere o uso do índice de massa corporal como um indicador antropométrico em estudos sobre a imagem corporal nesta população devido a sua forte relação com a insatisfação com a imagem corporal

Aptidão cardiorrespiratória em adolescentes / Aptitud cardiorrespiratoria en adolescentes / Cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents

Objetivo. O presente estudo tem como objetivo verificar as prevalências de aptidão cardiorrespiratória e a sua associação com aspectos sociodemográficos e composição corporal em adolescentes. Método. Estudo transversal realizado com 601 escolares (14‐17 anos de idade) da rede de ensino pública do Meio‐Oeste catarinense. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi mensurada pelo teste de vai‐e‐vem de 20 metros. Foram coletadas informações referentes ao sexo, idade e nível econômico, massa corporal, estatura, perímetro da cintura e dobras cutâneas. As análises estatísticas (U de Mann‐Whitney, qui‐quadrado e regressão logística) foram realizadas, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados. A prevalência de aptidão cardiorrespiratória inadequada foi de 61.1%, sendo maior nos rapazes e naqueles com composição corporal inadequada. A composição corporal inadequada esteve associada à aptidão cardiorrespiratória inadequada, mesmo após ajustada pelo sexo, idade e nível econômico. Conclusão. Conclui‐se que a maioria dos adolescentes apresentam níveis inadequados de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, e a associação entre composição corporal e aptidão cardiorrespiratória inadequadas independe dos aspectos sociodemográficos dos adolescentes (AU)

Objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo verificar las prevalencias de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y su asociación con aspectos sociodemográficos y composición corporal en adolescentes. Método. Estudio transversal realizado con 601 escolares (14‐17 años) de la red de educación pública del Medio‐Oeste catarinense. La aptitud cardiorrespiratoria fue medida por el test de carrera de ida y vuelta de 20 metros. Fueron recogidas informaciones referentes al sexo, edad y nivel económico, masa corporal, estatura, perímetro de la cintura y pliegues cutáneos. Los análisis estadísticos (U de Mann‐Whitney, Chi cuadrado y regresión logística) fueron realizados, con nivel de significación del 5%. Resultados. La prevalencia de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria inadecuada fue de 61.1%, siendo mayor en los muchachos y en aquellos con composición corporal inadecuada. La composición corporal inadecuada estuvo asociada a la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria inadecuada, incluso después de ajustarla por el sexo, edad y nivel económico. Conclusión. Se concluye que la mayoría de los adolescentes presentan niveles inadecuados de aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y la asociación entre composición corporal y aptitud cardiorrespiratoria inadecuadas no depende de los aspectos sociodemográficos de los adolescentes (AU)

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and body composition in adolescents. Method. This is a cross‐sectional study with 601 students (14‐17 years) of the public school system in the Mid‐western state of Santa Catarina. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20‐meter back‐and‐forth test. Information on gender, age and economic status, body weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were collected. Statistical analysis (Mann‐Whitney U, chi‐square and logistic regression tests) was performed, with 5% significance level. Results. The prevalence of inadequate cardiorespiratory fitness was 61.1%, being higher in boys and in those with inadequate body composition. Inadequate body composition was associated with poor cardiorespiratory fitness even after adjusted by sex, age and economic status. Conclusion. It was concluded that most adolescents showed inadequate levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and the association between body composition and inadequate cardiorespiratory fitness is independent of sociodemographic characteristics of adolescents (AU)